What type of rock is formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava?

The type of rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava is igneous rock. This process occurs when magma, which is molten rock beneath the Earth's surface, cools and solidifies underground, resulting in intrusive igneous rock, such as granite. Conversely, when lava, which is magma that reaches the Earth's surface, cools and solidifies, it forms extrusive igneous rock, such as basalt.

Igneous rocks are characterized by their mineral composition and texture, which can vary depending on the cooling rate and the environment in which the rock formed. This differentiates them from metamorphic rocks, which arise from the transformation of existing rocks due to heat, pressure, or chemically active fluids, and sedimentary rocks, which are formed from the accumulation and compaction of mineral and organic particles. While volcanic rock is a term that can refer to a type of igneous rock formed from lava (often synonymous with extrusive igneous rock), the broader term "igneous rock" encompasses both types formed from magma and lava.